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Themelios
“As is always the case, Keener’s work portrays the ideal qualities for any researcher, including a remarkably objective and personally unobtrusive discourse that only ever invites trust from the reader, as well as the marks of a sobering and genuine humility.”

Review of Biblical Literature
“Keener’s work is highly recommended to anyone interested in the historical reliability and literary genre of the canonical gospels. In particular, it serves as a reliable guide to the Greco-Roman biographical tradition and its relevance for gospel studies.”

— Richard Bauckham
“I have long thought that what we need is to be able to place the Gospels much more precisely within the wide spectrum of ancient biographies. Keener has mastered the literature, primary and secondary—as one would expect.”

Markus Bockmuehl
— University of Oxford
“This is a welcome guide to some of the best recent scholarship on the biographical purpose and composition of the Gospels, taking due account of the impact of memory in their composition. Prof. Keener sensibly concludes that living memory played a meaningful and consolidating role in the formation of these rhetorically constructed but essentially historical narratives about Jesus. A thorough and reliable introduction to this vital yet complex subject!”

Alanna Nobbs
— Macquarie University
“This work displays extensive knowledge of the major classical texts from around the New Testament period. Keener uses these judiciously and critically, as an ancient historian would do for any primary source, showing awareness of genre and bias and using modern studies of memory and its impact on historiography. Thus he provides an integrated and convincing historical picture.”

James H. Charlesworth
— Princeton Theological Seminary
“Less than two decades ago, New Testament experts concurred that no one can or will ever publish a biography of Jesus. Why? It is because former scholars concluded that the authors of the Gospels are all biased, even creating traditions not from history but from the proclamations about Jesus. Now, thanks to archaeological and historical studies, we know that the descriptions of some Galilean villages and Jerusalem in the Gospels prove that the Evangelists accurately described some installations; they knew what we did not formerly know. To claim that a biography must be objective reduces the inviting and informative biographies to a mere list of unrelated episodes that may masquerade as facts. We also now have hundreds of compositions from Jesus’s time that were either unknown to previous scholars or misinterpreted by them. The Gospels belong among the ancient biographies. Craig Keener’s study reflects the new data and perspectives and is a gift to many. Keener is certainly in the front ranks of experts on Jesus. The book is astoundingly well researched, balanced in judgment, and ideal for various classes.”

Vernon K. Robbins
— Emory University
“Another vintage book by Craig Keener! Comprehensive information showing the relation of New Testament Gospels to early Roman empire biography, embedded in argumentation for historical reliability of most information in the New Testament Gospels.”

Craig A. Evans
— Houston Baptist University
“Craig Keener’s sophisticated knowledge of the classical world is in evidence in his impressive Christobiography. He not only knows the sources; he asks of them the proper questions, such as what first-century readers expected of biographies. Keener rightly focuses on the biographies of the early Roman Empire. He also rightly takes into account the important fact that the New Testament Gospels were composed within living memory of their subject and that this tradition arose from the disciples of Jesus, who by definition were committed to learning their master’s teaching and recalling his deeds. Keener’s book makes a much-needed contribution to a very important topic.”

David Aune
— University of Notre Dame
“Craig Keener argues convincingly that ancient readers of Greek and Latin biographies from the period of the early Roman Empire (e.g., Cornelius Nepos, Plutarch, Suetonius, and Tacitus) had the same expectation as those who read the Gospels, expecting them to preserve the gist of what their subjects had actually said and done. Along the way, Keener provides an up-to-date summary of modern memory studies. In the early Christian community, the eyewitnesses who provided data for inclusion in the Gospels were also disciples who were highly motivated to

Craig S. Keener is F. M. and Ada Thompson Professor of Biblical Studies at Asbury Theological Seminary. Several of his twenty-five books have won national or international awards. His other works include commentaries on Matthew, Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, a two-volume commentary on John, and a four-volume commentary on Acts.

Table of Contents:

Introduction
Part 1. Biographies about Jesus
            2. Not a Novel Proposal
            3. Examples and Development of Ancient Biography
            4. What Sort of Biographies Are the Gospels?
            5. What Did First-Century Audiences Expect of Biographies?
Part 2 Biographies and History
            6. Biographies and Historical Information
            7. What Historical Interests Meant in Antiquity
            8. Luke-Acts as Biohistory
            9. Sources Close to the Events
Part 3. Testing the Range of Deviation
            10. Case Studies: Biographies of Recent Characters Use Prior Information
            11. Flex Room: Literary Techniques in Ancient Biographies
Part 4. Two Objections to Gospels as Historical Biographies
            12. What about Miracles?
            13. What about John?
Part 5. Memories about Jesus: Memories before Memoirs
            14. Memory Studies
            15. Jesus Was a Teacher
            16. Oral Tradition, Oral History
            17. The Implications of This Study